The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1046 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Dante's Inferno Essay Did you like this example? I am the way into the city of woe. I am the way to a forsaken people. I am the way into eternal sorrow. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri" essay for you Create order Sacred justice moved my architect. I was raised here by divine omnipotence, Primordial love, and ultimate intellect. Only those elements time cannot wear Were made before me, and beyond the time I stand. Abandon all hope ye who enter here(Aligheri). No matter what walk of the world your mortal existence appears from, no matter the language of which you speak, the color of your skin or even the level of education you have; you have heard of the famous Dante Alighieri in some way, shape or form. Dantes life and works resound through our lives long after his death and his words echo in our speech more than most will ever realize. Dante Alighieri was born on May 21, 1265, in Florence Italy from his mother Bella degli Abati and father Alighiero di Bellincione. Dante was born into a family whom not only was very upfront about their beliefs on anything and everything but was also born into a family with strong political ties and influence, leading him into a very political lifestyle that equally influenced his everyday decisions as well as his writings. Dantes mother died only a few years after her sons birth and at the age of only 12 young Dante was set into an arranged marriage to the daughter of a family friend, Gemma Donati. However, the marriage was never meant to be as young Dante was madly in love with another young woman, Beatrice Portinari, who would later become his muse and main backbone of Dantes Divine Comedy. Dante and Beatrice met when Beatrice was only nine years of age and Dante apparently experienced love at first sight when he met her. They were acquainted for many years but Dantes love went unrequited by the young woman and he could love her only from afar. Beatrice died unexpectedly in 1290 effectively breaking Dantes heart and five years later Dante published Vita Nuova (The New Life) which details his tragic love for the now departed Beatrice. Around the time of Beatrices death, Dante began to immerse himself in the study of philosophy and the machinations of the Florentine political scene. Florence at this time and age was a tumultuous city, with political factions that remained in constant war with each other, Dante held a number of political posts in these factions and was widely viewed for his political influence. In 1302, however, he fell out of favor and was exiled for life by the leaders of the Black Guelphs (among them, Corso Donati, a distant relative of Dantes wife), the political faction in power at the time and who were in league with Pope Boniface VIII(Sitar). Dante may have been driven out of Florence, but this would be the beginning of his most productive artistic period. After Dante was chased out of Florence he spent his time traveling and writing, during this time he wrote and completed one of his most famous works, The Divine Comedy. As well as during his exile he removed himself completely from the political scene as he no longer wished to be a part of the lifestyle he had been forced to leave behind. In 1304, Dante travels to Bologna where he began his Latin treatise De Vulgari Eloquentia (Eloquent Vernacular), in which he urged that courtly Italian, used for amatory writing, be enriched with aspects of every spoken dialect in order to establish Italian as a serious literary language(Kane). The work was unfortunately never completed and will remain a remnant of what could have been. In March 1306, Florentine exiles were expelled from Bologna, and Dante was forced out once more from a place he called home(Kane). Before long he ended up in Padua before his whereabouts were lost for a few years. There are reports he possibly was around Paris but n othing of those has been fully set in stone. In 1308, Henry of Luxembourg was elected emperor as Henry VII. Full of optimism about the changes this election could bring to Italy Dante wrote his famous work on the monarchy, De Monarchia, in three books, in which he claims that the authority of the emperor is not dependent on the pope but descends upon him directly from God(Kane). However, this optimism was short-lived as enemies of the monarchy quickly gained ground and found new strength threatening his power and ascension to the throne. Dante learned that most of these enemies were actually members of the Florentine government, Dantes former home, and he was quick to call out their actions which in turn had him permanently banned from the city. Around this time, The Divine Comedy is a story about human life shown as a trip through the Christian afterlife. Dante wrote the book as a warning against the corruption of society that slowly was steering itself into destruction. The poetic work of The Divine Comedy was written in a first-person narrative and follows Dantes own journey through the Christian realms of the dead: Hell, Purgatory and finally Heaven. The famous poet Virgil guides Dante through Hell and Purgatory, while Beatrice guides him through Heaven(Kane). The journey lasts from Good Friday to the Wednesday after Easter in the spring of 1300 (placing it before Dantes factual exile from Florence, which looms throughout the Inferno and serves as an undercurrent to the poets journey)(Phillips). Dantes Divine Comedy has thrived through the ages, remaining a popular work for more than six hundred and fifty years and has been considered a major work of writing. Dante himself is revered by poets, authors, and people for his works and there was even a biography written on this great author by Giovanni Boccaccio in 1373(Sanders). The work is a major part of the Western canon, and T.S. Eliot, who was greatly influenced by Dante, put Dante in a class with only one other poet of the modern world, Shakespeare, saying that they divide the modern world between them. There is no third(Kane). Dantes works will continue to influence the world now and for many hundreds of years in the future and we will continue to pass on his story and works for many years to come.

The Sane Hamlet Essays - 1192 Words

The Sane Hamlet Hamlet contains the classic argument between whether or not Hamlet is mad, or a sane man under difficult circumstances. Hamlet assumes antic-disposition at times to uncover the truth of his fathers death. From my perspective I believe that Hamlets actions and thoughts are a logical response to the situation in which he finds himself. In the first act, Hamlet appears to be very straightforward in his actions and thoughts. When questioned by Gertrude about his melancholy appearance, Hamlet says, Seems, madam? Nay it is know not seems (I, ii, 76). This is to say, I am what I appear to be. Later he makes a clear statement about his thoughts when he commits himself to revenge. Hamlet says,†¦show more content†¦This shows a man who feels justified in his action, and as an outsider we can sympathize with this view. There is little confusion and certainly no sign of madness in Hamlets character. In the Chapel Scene, when Claudius is praying alone for his guilt, Hamlet accidentally sees him. He realizes that this is the perfect opportunity to perform the act of revenge. Seeing the opportunity, Hamlet states; Now might I do it pat, now a is a-praying; And now Ill do it, and so he goes to heaven, And so am I revengd. That would be scannd; A villain kills my father, for that, I, his sole son, do this same villain send To heaven. O, this is hire and salary, not revenge (III, iii, 73-79). We can witness this ability to reason showing the way in which Hamlet has a sound mind and is far from the position of being mad. When Hamlet appears again in Act Two, it seems that he has lost his conviction and shows a puzzling duplicitous nature. He has yet to take up the part assigned to him by the ghost. He spends much of the act walking around, reading and talking with Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and the players. It is not until the very end of the act that he even mentions vengeance. If he had any of the conviction shown earlier, he would be presently working on his vengeance. So instead of playing the part of vengeful son, or dropping theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Hamlet -- Is Hamlet Sane782 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet Essay: Is Hamlet Sane With the coming of Freudian theory in the first half of this century and the subsequent emergence of psychoanalytically-oriented literary criticism in the 1960s, the question of Hamlets underlying sanity has become a major issue in the interpretation of Hamlet. While related concern with the Princes inability to take action had already directed scholarly attention toward the uncertainty of Hamlets mental state, modern psychological views of the play have challengedRead MoreHamlet Pleads Sane650 Words   |  3 PagesHamlet Pleads Sane William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is considered to be a great tragedy in the eyes of many. In the play, the protagonist, Hamlet, is on a quest to avenge the death of his father. At the beginning of the play, Hamlet is upset that his mother married his uncle, Claudius, only two months after his father’s death. As the story progresses, Hamlet is confronted by King Hamlet’s ghost. The ghost informs Hamlet that he was murdered by Claudius. When the ghost asks Hamlet to seekRead MoreHamlet Insane or Sane Essay783 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet- Sane or Insane In Shakespeares play Hamlet the main character Hamlet experiences many different and puzzling emotions. He toys with the idea of killing himself and then plays with the idea of murdering others. Many people ask themselves who or what is this man and what is going on inside his head. The most common question asked about him is whether or not he is sane or insane. Although the door seems to swing both ways many see him as a sane person with one thought on his mind,Read MoreShakespeares Hamlet: Hamlet is Perfectly Sane Essay1947 Words   |  8 PagesHamlet is Perfectly Sane      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I will be brief.   Your noble son is mad, states Polonius (II, ii, 91) .   Ophelia exclaims, O what a noble mind is here oerthrown! (III, i, 153).   Alas, hes mad, concludes Gertrude (III, iv, 106). Claudius even instructs Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to escort Hamlet to England because it [is not] safe with us/To let his madness range (III, iii, 1-2).   Essentially, each supporting character questions Hamlets sanity, and most conclude he is indeed madRead MoreEssay on Shakespeares Hamlet Was Certainly Sane2229 Words   |  9 Pages     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Shakespeares tragedy, Hamlet, the character of Hamlet feigns insanity. For a person in his situation, having ones peers think of one as crazy can be quite beneficial. His father, the king, had just died, and he is visited by a ghost who appears to be his fathers spirit. The ghost tells Hamlet that he was murdered by his brother Claudius, who is now the current king and who recently married the former kings wife. Hamlet vows revenge and, as a tool to aid him in that plan, convincesRead More Sanity, Insanity, Madness? - William Shakespeares Hamlet is Sane2156 Words   |  9 PagesSanity, Insanity, Madness? - William Shakespeares Hamlet is Sane In William Shakespeares Hamlet, the lead character, Prince Hamlet of Denmark, has been interpreted in numerous ways. Throughout the play Hamlet takes on different personas, making it hard define him as only one character type. Often when critics analyze the character of Hamlet, they question his sanity because of his ambiguity soon after he sees his fathers ghost. What does it mean to be insane? The definition of the word insaneRead More The Genius of Hamlet, the Very Sane Prince of Denmark Essay example2446 Words   |  10 PagesThe Genius of Hamlet, the Very Sane Prince of Denmark Hamlet in Shakepeares The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is often seen as a lunatic. Lucid and ingenious, Prince Hamlet falls into a state of emotional turmoil, but he is never insane. Hamlet feigns madness to reveal his anguish concerning the two women he used to love - his mother Gertrude and his lover Ophelia. To escape estrangement from his countrymen, Hamlet appears to waver between madness and sanity. And, to avoidRead MoreSanity in William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1037 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeares Hamlet Hamlet is a play about a man who has had a father killed by his uncle, after this act of treachery the uncle then marries Hamlet’s mother. Hamlet is sane in this play because prior to going â€Å"insane† he informs us he is going to. If Hamlet were truly insane he would not be able to tell others that he is going to act insane as of a certain point in time. Hamlet would try to deny insanity, not pride himself in the fact that he is insane. Hamlet uses insanityRead MoreHamlet: The Irrational Prince Essay1138 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare’s Hamlet, the Prince of Denmark, named Hamlet, is the main character that’s going to avenge is fallen father. Shakespeare makes the audience wonder if Hamlet is really mad or he is just presenting some excellent acting skills that make it seem as if he has really gone insane. We must consider if he has gone mad, could be due to the loss of his father and if he is just simply acting mad, could that be to confuse his enemies? And hide is intensions? One thing is for certain and that is Hamlet cannotRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare866 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, the son of the former King of Denmark is in a state of depression due to his father’s murder which was committed by his uncle. This is followed by the marriage of his mother and the same uncle who killed his father; this forces Hamlet into a state of misery. Upon learning that his father was murdered, Hamlet is also told by his father’s ghost to get revenge. Throughout the play, Hamlet often pretends to be insane or in a state of madness. This is all apart of how he will plan to kill is murderer

A Judgement For Solomon The D Hauteville Case

In A Judgement for Solomon: The d’Hauteville Case and Legal Experience in Antebellum America, Grossberg outlines the complex legal experiences of the d’Hauteville family and the effect their experiences have on Antebellum America. On August 22, 1837, Ellen Sears and Paul Daniel Gonzalve Grand d’Hauteville were married and moved to Switzerland. By the winter of 1838, Ellen became pregnant and pleaded with Gonzalve to let her return to America to give birth to her child. Eventually, Gonzalve gave in and let Ellen leave; however, after giving birth, Ellen refused to return to Switzerland, citing cruel treatment from Gonzalve as her reason for staying away. Later, Ellen realized it was an informal separation that she sought. However, soon the†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the emergence of divisive new ideas indicated a progressive movement towards greater maternal rights was underway. Analyzing the case of Abigail and Asa Bailey aids in understanding this drastic change in public opinion. In 1792, Abigail Bailey was quickly granted a divorce from Asa Bailey. However, Abigail waited twenty-two years to file this petition for divorce, as Asa first had an affair just three years after their marriage in 1770. It is interesting to compare Abigail’s case to Ellen’s because in both cases, each woman repeatedly cites her hesitation to take legal action because of what she believes to be her duty to her husband. However, what is considered cruel enough to justify breaking that duty and separating from their husbands drastically differs. Abigail waited through multiple affairs and the sexual assault of her own daughter before beginning the legal process. Meanwhile, Ellen sought legal action after what she cited to be mental cruelty. In just half a century, a major shift in public opinion occurred. The question then arises: what caused this shift to occur? Grossberg noted the rise of the independent penny press and the effect it had on public opinion. Before the advent of the penny press, there was the sixpenny press. This was largely restricted to upper-class

Eyewitness Research Paper - 2537 Words

Eyewitness Testimony Eyewitness testimony is defined as, â€Å"an area of research that investigates the accuracy of memory following an accident, crime, or other significant event, and the types of errors that are commonly made in such situations.† Much emphasis is placed on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony as often-inaccurate eyewitness testimony can have serious consequences leading to wrong convictions. Eyewitness testimony is a powerful tool within any field, particularly that of justice, as it is a readily accepted form of evidence that allows for convictions. However, tests conducted by Loftus have shown an enormous swing from a non-guilty verdict, to guilty within the same case, simply through the introduction†¦show more content†¦We can store the main features of the events, without having to store the details. We make sense of information by filling in oddities. We distort memories for events to fit in with prior expectations, and lastly, we may use out schemas to prov ide the basis for a guess. Schemas, therefore may lead to distortions in memory. Research on schemas by Brewer and Treyens supports Bartlet in his claims. The study involved participants waiting in an â€Å"office† that contained 61 objects. Some were comparable with ordinary office schemas others were not. They were less successful at recalling the incompatible items. Most of the errors in recall were substitutions. These findings suggest that participants were using schemas. At the retrieval stage, recall was influenced by the schemas participants had of what objects are usually contained in an office. Bartlett’s research shows us just how much memory can be interfered with and that memory is not stored passively as it is often perceived to be. Some may strongly argue then against the accuracy of eye witness testimony, with the evidence supplied by Bartlett, depending so much on eyewitness accounts is an extremely unreliable source, although some may contain elements of accuracy, some criticise the importance placed on eyewitness testimony. However Bartletts experiment has been criticized for using folk tales that he assumed would be lessShow MoreRelatedEyewitness Testimony Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pages The Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony is a major topic in our society. Eyewitness Testimony is often used during crime scene investigations. Although a Testimony by a bystander or a victim regarding an incident is a great tool for further investigation, testimonies are often times false and can lead to false accusations. The research question, how accurate is eyewitness testimony, will be studied. The purpose for this project is to determine the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. The hypothesisRead MoreBlind Spot : A 1 994 Rape Conviction Not Only Altered N.j864 Words   |  4 PagesReferences and Bibliography Avril, T. (May 22, 2006). Eyewitness blind spot: A 1994 rape conviction not only altered N.J. court rules on eyewitness testimony, it raised questions of identifying people of another race. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/465451279?accountid=34899 This article focuses on the State of New Jersey, which became the first state to change its eyewitness lineup procedures, based upon the 2001 justice report on DNA-basedRead MoreFalse Witness Credibility : Mistaken Eyewitness Identification1231 Words   |  5 PagesCourtney Wu Professor Harris ENC 1102 1 Dec. 2016 Research Project for False Witness Credibility: Mistaken Eyewitness Identification On May 3, 1982, in Norfolk, Virginia at circuit court, 29-year old Julius Earl Ruffin was convicted of a rape he did not commit and was sentenced to five life sentences in prison. The case rested on Ann Meng, the victim who accused Ruffin as her assailant. Mistaken eyewitness identifications contributed to more than 75 percent of the more than 200 wrongful convictionsRead MoreTo What Extent is an Eyewitness Testimony Credible and Therefore be Used in Court?1732 Words   |  7 Pagespractitioners alike share a widespread belief that the single greatest cause of wrongful conviction is because of an eyewitness testimony. April 23, 2007, marked the 200th criminal conviction exonerated by DNA evidence in the United States of America. According to www.innocenceproject.org, over 75% of the 200 criminal cases revealed to be wrongful convictions involved a faulty eyewitness testimony. Collectively, these 200 people spent a total of 2,475 years in prison. With factors such as witness memoryR ead MoreThe Cognitive Interview and Eyewitness Credibility1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cognitive Interview and Eyewitness Credibility My Initial Hypothesis Hypothesis: The cognitive interview increases the credibility of eyewitness testimony by decreasing memory error and confabulations. Information is the lifeblood of a criminal investigation. The ability of investigators to obtain useful and accurate information from eyewitnesses of crimes is crucial to effective law enforcement, yet full and accurate recall is difficult to achieve (Stewart, 1985). Such elicitationRead MoreEyewitness Identification, Criminal, And Criminal Law Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesanyone on eyewitness testimony only, without any other physical or forensic evidence. In eyewitness identification, in criminal law, evidence is received from a witness who has actually seen an event and can so testify in court.† (Law.com Legal Online Dictionary) While this could be an important piece of the investigation, it can never take the place of DNA, or forensic evidence. Unfortunately, that happens all too much, with our overburdened legal and criminal justice systems. â€Å"Eyewitness misidentificationRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Priming On Memory Formation1627 Words   |  7 Pageshow we form the memories for certain events in our lives? The question which I am trying to answer through this paper is: are social stereotypes strong enough to alter how individuals form an original memory of an event. The reason I am drawn to answering this question is because I have posed it many times before in my life. As I watch the news or read articles in magazines and papers, I wonder why news anchors and journalists often overuse certain adjectives when describing particular events andRead MoreAccuracy Of Eyewitness Testimony1231 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Eyewitness testimony has been used as an important tool in the criminal justice system. When there is lack of other kinds of evidence, police often rely on eyewitness to find potential suspects. In court, eyewitness testimony is a kind of important evidence associates with DNA or other types of evidence. However, many psychologists think that it should not be used in the criminal justice system as most of the wrongful convictions were caused by inaccurate eyewitness testimony. AlthoughRead MoreExamining The Factors That Influence Eyewitness Testimony1257 Words   |  6 PagesEyewitness testimony is the account of the witness of a certain event or incident. Throughout, the witness is enforced to provide their experience to the court in order to take legal action towards the incident. It is considered a very useful tool in courts. Yet, such a way to find out the truth is unreliable as many witnesses fail to contribute in a positive way to grant courts accurate data of the incident. This essay will be discussing the factors that influence eyewitness testimony includingRead MorePreventing Wrongful Convictions Essay1103 Words   |  5 PagesEvery time an innocent person is exonerated based on DNA testing, law enforcement agencies look at what caused the wrongful convictions. There are many issues that contribute to putting guiltless lives behind bars including: eyewitness misidentification, false confessions, imperfect forensic science, and more (Gould and Le o 18). When a witness is taken into a police station to identify a suspect, it is easy for their memories to be blurred and their judgment influenced. This can lead the witness

Connective Tissue Free Essays

Connective Tissue Characteristics of connective tissues †¢Extracellular matrix separates cells †¢Most widely variable of tissues †¢Many varied functions †¢Common (mesenchyme) origin †¢Degrees of vascularity Functions †¢Binding †¢Suport †¢Protection †¢Insulation †¢Transport Structural Elements †¢Fibers ?Collagen (white) fibres ?Elastin (yellow) fibers ?Reticular fibers †¢Ground substance ?Amorphous material fills space between cells and contains fibers ?Holds fluids ?Acts as molecular sieve ?Consists of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins â€Å"glue†, proteoglycans †¢Cells Each class of connective tissue has a fundamental cell type that exists in an immature and mature form ?Undifferentiated cell gets suffix â€Å"blast† i. e chronoblast, they are actively mitotic, secrete fibers and ground subtance ?Once the cells synthesise the matrix they assume their less active mature mode indicated by suffix â €Å"cyte† i. e. We will write a custom essay sample on Connective Tissue or any similar topic only for you Order Now lymphocyte Summary Fibers Ground Substance Cells Collagen Interstitial fluid Immature form â€Å"blast† Elastin Cell adhesion proteins â€Å"glue† Mature form â€Å"cyte† Reticular Proteoglycans Types of connective tissue †¢All consist of cells surrounded by matrix Differences reflect cell type, finer type and the proportion of matrix contributed by fivers †¢These differences determine connective tissue classes and their subgroups ?General (fibrous) connective tissue â€Å"proper† ?Specialised Connective tissues (skeletal – bone and cartilage, adipose, lymphoid, blood) Cells found in ‘Prototype’ Connective Tissue †¢FIbroblasts †¢Adipocytes (fat cells) †¢Cells which migrate from blood ?WBC ?Other cells concerned with tissue response to injury Connective Tissue Proper Two subgroups – classification mainly based on finer arrangement and density: †¢Loose CT Areolar ?Reticular †¢Dense CT ?Dense regu lar ?Dense irregular Connective Tissue Proper Sub groups Characteristics/Structural elements Loose Areolar Semi fluid Gelatinous ground substance Collagen, elastin, reticular loosely distributed Fibroblasts and macrophages are abundant Occasional adipocytes (fat cells) Widely distributed packing material of body Loose Reticular Matrix contains reticular fibers Reticular fibers form network of reticular cells (fibroblasts) Dense Regular Closely packed collagen fibers orientated in same direction Mainly fibroblasts Poorly vascularised (no blood vessels) White, flexible tissue with great tensile strength in one direction Wavy fivers – allow minimal ‘give’ until fibbers are straightened Elastic CT has high elastic content i. e. ligaments and tendons Dense Irregular Closely packed collagen fibers orientated in same direction Mainly fibroblasts Poorly vascularised (no blood vessels) Collagen bundles are orientated in MANY directions Forms sheets where tension is exerted in from many directions i. e. dermis of skin, fibrous joint capsules, fibrous capsules of many organs (kidneys, testis, bone, muscles) Blood †¢Classified as a connective tissue †¢Cells in matrix (plasma) Fibers are soluble proteins which only become visible during clotting †¢Functions ?Transport of nutrients (glucose, oxygen) ?Transport of wastes (CO2) ?Transport of gases (oxygen, CO2) ?Hormones Cartilage †¢Somewhere between dense CT and bone †¢Tough but flexible †¢Cartilage cells â€Å"chondro† prefix †¢Groun d substance has firmly bound collagen fivers †¢Contains lots of tissue fluid (80% water) †¢No blood vessels or nerves (good for joints) †¢Perichondrium (dense irreg. CT) surrounds most cartilage †¢Growth both interstitial and appositional †¢Types: ?Hyaline ?Elastic ?Fibrocartilage Bone â€Å"Bone† can refer to: Osseous tissue (type of CT) †¢Organs of the body i. e. humerus (consisting of several tissue types) Bone as a tissue †¢Bone is connective tissue (osseous tissue) †¢Cells contained in a matrix †¢Matrix is hardened by deposition of calcium salts and other minerals = calcification (mineralisation) Functions of bony skeleton †¢Support †¢Protection †¢Rigid attachment †¢Levers for muscles †¢Blood formation †¢Electrolyte balance †¢Acid base balance †¢Detoxification General features of long bone †¢Compact bone †¢Spongy bone †¢Medullary cavity †¢Diaphysis (shaft) †¢Epip hysis †¢Epiphysis plate/line †¢Articular cartilage †¢Periosteum and endosteum How to cite Connective Tissue, Papers

Learned Helplessness free essay sample

This thought not only affect their willingness to learn but also their self-esteem. There are many situations that can explain learned helplessness. For example, if a person tries to fix a computer, after several attempts he is not able to do so. Then he may develop a thought of learned helplessness and believe that he cannot make it works. No matter how hard he tries, he is unable to fix the computer. The other example is when student attend the physic class. Then repeated experiences of failure occur to this student to get a high score. So, he thinks that he may not be able to have a good score on physics. It will affect the following action. He will not study, not doing the homework, and so on. When there is a time for the exam, obviously he cannot do it and fail the course. After that, he will think that he cannot do physics ever again in his life. This might also affect his mood, his performance, and self-esteem. The theory learned helplessness created by Seligman and his colleagues (1975, as cited in Ciccarelli amp; White, 2009) after they experimented with the dogs. They said that the experiment dogs exposed to unavoidable and inescapable in electric shocks in one situation later failed to learn to escape in any different situation when they actually could escape (Overmier amp; Seligman, 1967). The uncontrollable electric shocks also one of the factors that they cannot escape. Students in Cedarville University have tested this theory (Firmin et al, 2004). They conducted a study that examines learned helplessness and the effect on test taking. They divided the participants into two groups. The first group was given the extremely difficult SAT questions first until the easiest. The second group was given the easy part first until the hardest. They were hypothesized that the first group would be easily depressed than the second group. The result confirmed their hypotheses. The students in the first group had a lower score than the students in the second group. They had a lower score because they tend to give up on the easy questions due to frustration because they have done the hardest part first. The strength of this theory could be applicable for all ages (Costello, 1980). If you think back, learned helplessness is a way of thinking where the thoughts were surrender because of previous experiences in which success was impossible. A child who grown up in a chaotic world tends to has learned helplessness. Then when he gets older it still affects his mind. In my opinion, Costello’s opinion is necessary because when people have bad experiences in the childhood they automatically bring it into the life. Especially, when the experience get into phobias. For example, if someone has rejected by his mother several times, when his get older maybe he has a lack of self-confidence to give his opinion to others especially his mother. In every theory there are always some weakness. Maier and Seligman (1975) also have arguments on their research. They said that the effects from learned helplessness study has yet to be satisfactorily explained. One session for the inescapable shock gives temporary effect in dogs, while four sessions tend to be giving more permanent effect. In addition, rats that have faced one session of inescapable shock had a permanent effect. Previous study proactive, which is known as to decrease with additional training and to increase with time from learning, has interfered the dogs. So, why the rats have permanent effect after just one session? The dog was not trained to be in the cage, but the rats were always in the cage. The effects must be the other way around. Perhaps, the rats were immune or experienced with the controllable events. The other weakness is the theory is not controllable for people and uncontrollable for some people (Abramson, 2012). In my opinion, the theory is not really clear. Learned helplessness maybe occurs on the dogs, rats, and human in the past research but it is not always happen to everybody. It depends on the subject it self. For example, inventors who failed to discover their object several times they still did not give up. Until they succeed to invent it. Thomas Alva Edison who invented a lamp, he failed several times but did not depress and still trying until he succeed to make it works. So, the environment and self-confidence has an impact for having guts. Maybe if the dogs have more bravery and guts it could escape the electric shock. Also, maybe if the parents or friends encourage the student that bad in some course, he could be optimist and pass the exam. The theory foundation was formed based on testing animals. The infamous Seligman’s experiment even the most basic part of the theory was conducted on animal research. Thus, it might be difficult trying to relate the result with a real human being. A person might react differently to the situation and might not learn to be helplessness. Abramson (2012) also said that the theory does not explaining when the learned helplessness in general and when specific, or when chronic and when acute. The learned helplessness theory can occur on the real world problem. For instance, people who have rejected several times for job will be depressed and decide not to get a job. The learned helplessness is occur when he was being rejected once, maybe he still have guts. However after several times he will get tired already and will not doing anything about it. Because he gets pessimist and he will think that no one will hire him for a job. If he look at from the other side and open his mind, he actually can do something about it. Maybe he is not having the job skills, lack of self-confidence, or cannot really work with others. The solution is he has to know himself better first including his weakness and the strengths, then he will realize what he really want to do with his life. After that maybe he can improve the skills or build his own business company. The other example is when a men got rejected or having break ups with the women several times. Then, he decide to not having a relationships with anybody because he know how hurt it is, as same as the dogs got hurts with the electric shocks on the Seligman experiment, then the dog will not escape it ever. On the other hand, there is always a way to everybody to solve everything. Maybe if he just let it go and forget about it then take the thoughts to focus on the career, the problems will be gone. There are chances and several benefits about it. He might success on the career he focuses on and then he might also meet someone who could make him happier than ever.

Promoting Trust and Employee Engagement †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Promoting Trust and Employee Engagement. Answer: Introduction Organizational behaviour is integral component of the organization which seeks an inclusive understanding of how individuals and organization can enhance the performance of the organization (Mntymki Riemer, 2016). The case study of Nestle will be chosen in which organizational structure and theory of it will be described. A rational for the research methodology will be elaborated to show the reason behind choosing the Nestle. The role and the functions of the manager will be critically analyzed in the context of describing the risks and challenges they have to address in todays changing environment. There are various theories of organization that help to enhance the productivity of the employees along with the organization. The impact of values, ethics and diversity on culture of an organization will be defined which will be helpful for further study. A discussion will be made of the role and legitimacy of the management function. It has been analyzed that various researchers have chosen more collaborative approach to case studies and recognize number of methodologies that have diverse advantages and disadvantages which are not necessary conflicting but complementary. The aim behind choosing the research methodology is to gather the information about the case which can be accumulated in relevant and efficient manner by internet. The selection of case study can be opted as per the purpose of the study like information oriented selection and random selection. Systematic bias are avoided by random selection in the sample whereas information oriented selection involve the selection of the case as per the expectations. The research case study is chosen of Nestle for its effective organizational behaviour. The leaders of this company are effective to manage the issues for which they use effective strategies. The qualitative research is being chosen for analyzing the case study of Nestle and it has been done with the help of various journal articles, newspaper, and annual report of the organization and internet sources. Nestle is the worlds biggest food and beverage company that has started its business in 1867. There are more than 280,000 employees in the Nestle in over 86 countries (Nestle, n.d.). The main principle of nestle is base on decentralization. The case study of Nestle has been chosen for this assignment. Organizational structure and theory The organizational structure of Nestle is effective as it has adopted the various strategies to manage the organization in an effective manner. The organizational structure of Nestle is hierarchy and function based in which National manager is head of specific country who control entire organization by evaluating their performance. It has been found that there are number of theories such as classical theory, scientific theory, bureaucratic theory, modern theory and administrative theory. Nestle has adopted the administrative theory which is dependent on the departmentalization concept. It defines that the various activities are focused in the organization to attain the common purpose of the organization. The major focus of administrative theory within the organization is to improve the efficient so that the performance of the employees can be done in effective manner and the process of the organization can be standardized. It has been evaluated that apart from administrative theory, the contingency theory used by Nestle because this theory assist the manger to make decisions as per on the situation at hand instead of one size fits all method. An appropriate action is being taken by the manager as per the situation. It is required for the manager to use leadership approach that involves participation from worker s. The role of the manager and their performance to address the challenges and risks Organizations are become advanced due to advanced technology and in such case the role of manager or leader in the organization is vital to manage the workforce in adequate manner. Nestle is worlds largest food and beverage company that has faced number of issues or challenges while operating in worldwide. The company has faced issue of aging workforce and retirements, child labour and ethical and boycott issues. Nestle CEO Mark Schneide has great role in reducing the impact of bad image due to these issues in front of customers of Nestle. The supplier code is introduced by Nestle to maintain the good bonding between suppliers and company regarding goods. There was another issue of unexpected demand by customers and inaccuracy of orders numbers in inventory. The leader of the organization has introduced the Dealer Management system (DMS) which is software application that give tools for managing the inventory, integration and managing sales. It enhanced the good image between the dea ler and customers. In context of boycott issues which done in late 1970s, the leaders or managers of Nestle had provided the solution by supporting WHO campaign in introducing complementary foods (Nestle, 2011). It has been evaluated that the small changes bring the huge impact within the organization. The Nestle Leadership Program has been developed to provide the training session to the employees and the company had started to use image of manager as coach. It had been done in the company because it was the belief of it that coaching works best for development purposes (Daley, Coyle Dwyer, 2016). The role of ethics and ethical practice of Nestle The ethical principles in Nestle are effective as it cares the each employee of the organization and underpins the trust of customer. It involves the zero tolerance of fraud corruption and bribery. Privacy is mattered for the organization that is why the privacy programme is being initiated by the company in which company collect, store and utilizes the data to engage with consumers (Li, 2015). It covers the entire stages of the data processing from the stage of accumulation to deletion. Diversity is always considered as the sensitive issue, it is vital for the organization to give respect to the different cultures people (Downey, Werff, Thomas Plaut, 2015). The engagement process of Nestle is underpinned with transparency and good faith which is able to build knowledge and understanding in good manner. However, there are various leadership theories and styles but Nestle has adopted comprehensive leadership which involves managing for better outcomes, enhancing the internet talent o f the employee and competing with external environment for progressive growth in the same filed (Obisi, 2011). The major role of the leader in handling the ethics responsibility within the organization is vital because the response of the employee as well as customer may impact the entire project of the organization. The major advantage point of it is more focused towards the prevention of the future generations that is why it is committed to environmental sustainability. A contextual approach is being taken in the organization rather than dogmatic one; it entails the pragmatic decisions which are based on the facts. The role and legitimacy of the management function Nestle company has major four management functions such as planning, organizing, leading and controlling. The decisions are being evaluated by the leaders by keeping considerations of employees of the organization. The company evaluates the alternatives in an adequate manner before taking any action. The function of organization is initiated the workforce diversity plan and health safety plan not only for the customers but also for the employee (Hirsh, 2016). The leaders of the company have adopted the democratic style which involves the employee in making decisions of the company. Various acts are initiated by the company by taking consideration of the governments and company laws which help leaders of the company to control the activities of the organization. In context of legitimacy, Nestle initiate and openly advocates the United Nations Global Compact. It has been recognized by Nestle that globalization is the cause of leading to the development of international recommendations. Although, it is considered as the general rule, thee recommendations are defined to governments, they inescapably influence to the business practices. Nestle has integrated significant International Labour Organization Conventions. The local laws are respected by Nestle in order to improve the efficiency of the organization of particular place. It has been evaluated that the attitude of the leaders of the organization is impactful as they provide the training to the new employees regarding how to accomplish the task in effective manner without breaching any company norms (Deresky, 2017). It has been found that Nestle is in full of support of the efforts of government for the purpose of encouraging healthier diets. The profile of the products is improved in Nestle due to changes to complement the effort of government to build a healthier population. The management functions of the company can be influenced due to changes in political and social environment as it has been evaluated that the Nestle is following the laws and legislation as per settlement by government. Social environment has huge influence on Nestle as it is different of each country that may influence the working environment of the company (Nestle, 2014). However, the leaders of Nestle are more focused towards the local test of the particular country or region and it has been done by them by exploring the market of specific country. It enables them to take appropriate decision in context of management growth. The changes in political terms can impact the entire organizational structure of Nestle (Buettn er, 2015). For instance, the amendments in tax policy will certainly impact the entire products of the company in different countries. Nestle company had wide issues regarding unethical practices which hampered the image of the company adversely but the approach of leaders are effective that reduce the impact of it on the customers. Conclusion In the limelight of above discussion, it has been concluded that the management has huge role in the performance and the growth of the company. The rational of methodology has been provided to describe the way from where data are collected. The case study of Nestle has been opted for this assignment as it is world largest Food and Beverage Company that has effective organizational structure. The role of leaders has been discussed in context of facing issues and challenges in the organization. The appropriate actions were being taken by leaders to reduce the impact of adverse condition on the organization which has been elaborated in term of Nestle. References Arslam, A. (2014). Nestle. Retrieved from: https://medium.com/@arhamarslan/nestle-cf04010833cd. Buettner, R. (2015). 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